Would a Glass of Water Freeze or Boil in Space

Heres a question for you to ponder: Would a glass of water freeze or boil in space? On the one hand, you may think space is very cold, well below the freezing point of water. On the other hand, space is a vacuum, so you would expect the low pressure would cause the water to boil into vapor. Which happens first? What is the boiling point of water in a vacuum, anyway? Key Takeaways: Would Water Boil or Freeze in Space? Water immediately boils in space or any vacuum.Space does not have a temperature because temperature is a measure of molecule movement. The temperature of a glass of water in space would depend on whether or not it was in sunlight, in contact with another object, or floating freely in darkness.After water vaporizes in a vacuum, the vapor could condense into ice or it could remain a gas.Other liquid, such as blood and urine, immediately boil and vaporize in a vacuum. Urinating in Space As it turns out, the answer to this question is known. When astronauts urinate in space and release the contents, the urine rapidly boils into vapor, which immediately desublimates or crystallizes directly from the gas to solid phase into tiny urine crystals. Urine isnt completely water, but youd expect the same process to occur with a glass of water as with astronaut waste. How It Works Space isnt actually cold because the temperature is a measure of the movement of molecules. If you dont have matter, as in a vacuum, you dont have temperature. The heat imparted to the glass of water would depend on whether it was in sunlight, in contact with another surface or out on its own in the dark. In deep space, the temperature of an object would be around -460 °F or 3K, which is extremely cold. On the other hand, polished aluminum in full sunlight has been known to reach 850 °F. Thats quite a temperature difference! However, it doesnt matter much when the pressure is nearly a vacuum. Think about water on Earth. Water boils more readily on a mountaintop than at sea level. In fact, you could drink a cup of boiling water on some mountains and not get burned! In the lab, you can make water boil at room temperature simply by applying a partial vacuum to it. Thats what you would expect to happen in space. See Water Boil at Room Temperature While its impractical to visit space to see the water boil, you can see the effect without leaving the comfort of your home or classroom. All you need is a syringe and water. You can get a syringe at any pharmacy (no needle necessary) or many labs have them, too.   Suck a small amount of water into the syringe. You just need enough to see it -- dont fill the syringe all the way.Put your finger over the opening of the syringe to seal it. If youre worried about hurting your finger, you can cover the opening with a piece of plastic.While watching the water, pull back on the syringe as quickly as you can. Did you see the water boil? Boiling Point of Water in a Vacuum Even space isnt an absolute vacuum, although its pretty close. This chart shows boiling points (temperatures) of water at different vacuum levels. The first value is for sea level and then at decreasing pressure levels. Temperature  °F Temperature  °C Pressure (PSIA) 212 100 14.696 122 50 1.788 32 0 0.088 -60 -51.11 0.00049 -90 -67.78 0.00005 Boiling Points of Water at Different Vacuum Levels Boiling Point and Mapping The effect of air pressure on boiling has been known and used to measure elevation. In 1774, William Roy used barometric pressure to determine elevation. His measurements were accurate to within one meter. In the mid-19th century, explorers used the boiling point of water to gauge elevation for mapping. Sources Berberan-Santos, M. N.; Bodunov, E. N.; Pogliani, L. (1997). On the barometric formula. American Journal of Physics. 65 (5): 404–412. doi:10.1119/1.18555Hewitt, Rachel. Map of a Nation – a Biography of the Ordnance Survey. ISBN 1-84708-098-7.

The Human Immune System Functions - 1165 Words

The Human Immune System Functions By Karen Acevedo Biology II |BIO1021 S02 Professor Kimberly Snead-McDaniel The Immune System and its Functions The human body is a very complex unit, did you know that our body works as a unit so that we can live each day healthy and energized. Well we are going to be talking about the human body and its immune system, and the importance of it. What we need to do to keep it working properly. What can cause things to go wrong and how to try and prevent them from happening? These things are all very important if we want to live a long and healthy life, with no interferences in the way we need to function. Did you know that our body can get many different allergies all depending on where we live? There are also places that have no knowledge or control over different viruses that we have gotten control of that you can bring back if not careful in your travels? These are things to think about, for example in the 1950s the United States came up with a vaccine that was able to take control of the contagious disease known as the measles. By the year 2000, it was i n complete control after the vaccination, but in years 2013 in North Carolina they found 23 people that had come down with the measles. This happened again in 2014, in Ohio there were 68 cases that happened in an Amish community. This happened because the people that were affected not only didn’t have the vaccination, but they had a family members or communityShow MoreRelatedThe Immune System Of The Human Body1257 Words   |  6 Pages Immune System Monica Salazar BIO1021 Dr. Kimberly Snead McDaniel South University Online We are examining the role the immune system plays within the general day to day operation of the human body. Further examination of the impaired immune system s profound negative impact on the whole body system, will also be delineated. The human body has structures and processes inside the body that defend against infection and additional harmful foreign bodies. When working appropriatelyRead MoreThe Roles Of Carbohydrates And Their Cooperation Within The Immune System1508 Words   |  7 Pageswhat is known about the different binding partners of carbohydrates and their cooperation within the immune system, namely microbial (non-self), tumor (altered-self), and host (self). DNA and RNA can be thought of as polysaccharides with phosphate-linked polyribose cores. Without carbohydrates present, it would be impossible for them to form the scaffolding that they require to successfully function. In mammals, it is rare to not have sugars be associated with proteins or lipids, and almost all secretedRead MoreLymphatic And Immune System :831 Words   |  4 PagesLYMPHATIC IMMUNE SYSTEM: The body encounters billions of germs every day and the immune system with all its intricacies fights off these pathogens. The defense mechanism of the human body is complex and fascinating, working all around the clock with its work largely unnoticeable. The immune system, just like any other organ system works in tandem with the other organ systems to maintain homeostasis. The circulating fluids transport the immune cells from one part of the body to another. The endocrineRead MoreHow The Human Body Can Be Understood As An Ecologically Diverse Landscape1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe human body can be understood as an ecologically diverse landscape; not only are we cultivated by our own human cells, most of our body is inhabited by other organisms that range from neutral species to pathogenic dangers. This diverse spectrum of microorganisms is called the human microbiota, and is composed of around 10-100 trillion commensal microbial cells (1). These may include bacteria, fungi, viruses, most of which may be harmless. Microbiota are dispersed throughout our bodies, thoughRead MoreThe Way the Immune System Works Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesTHE IMMUNE SYSTEM Definition of the Immune System The human immune system is a collective network of tissues, glands, and organs that work in a coordinated effort with each other to guard our bodies from foreign antigens such as viruses, bacteria, and infection causing microorganisms. For the immune system to work properly, two things must happen: first, the body must recognize that it has been invaded, either by pathogens or toxins or by some other threat. 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Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, recognize special indicators on the entities which are called antigens. When the immune system recognizes a foreign substance in the body, it sends antibo dies to attack them. Antigens have specific structures that are recognized by certain antibodiesRead MoreHow The Body s Health Defenses Or Immunity?1242 Words   |  5 Pageson a tightrope of potential disaster. Exactly the same holds true with the human body, a system that is so basic yet at once intricate in its operation and processes. Without our body ss built-in system of defense against bacteria, infections, germs, viruses and other foreign bodies, our bodily organs and essential bodily functions could very well be just time bombs waiting to explode. However thanks to our immune system, our body s critical line of defense against diseases, infections and otherRead MoreOutline and Evaluate Research Into the Relationship Between the Immune System and Stress Related Illness827 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between the immune system and stress related illness The main function of the immune system is to protect the body from infectious agents such as viruses and other toxins. The immune system can fail us in two ways-either by becoming under-vigilant, letting infections enter the body, or over-vigilant, so that it is the immune system itself, rather than an infectious agent that causes illness. Most studies of the relationship between stress and the immune system have focussed on acute(iRead MoreTo humans, having a healthy immune system is essential. Our immune system is important because it900 Words   |  4 PagesTo humans, having a healthy immune system is essential. Our immune system is important because it helps the body fight any foreign bacteria, viruses, and diseases by attacking it, which is why we must take care of it as much as possible by strengthening it. But this so called defense system can also cause problems such as attacking donated organs or blood from another individual, unless the organs or blood are carefully matched. It may also overreact to harmless invaders such as pollen grains, which

Kinds of Outline Free Essays

What is an OUTLINE? An  outline  is an organizational tool used by writers to gather thoughts so that they can be clearly laid out in an essay or book. Many writers feel that creating an  outline  is the key to effective writing, and it certainly makes the writing process more efficient and focused. By creating an  outline  for a piece of writing, the author ensures that all the pieces of the puzzle are presented in a logical, clear order, and that they flow well, drawing the reader to a logical conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Kinds of Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now An  outline  can also be used to identify and eliminate potential areas of  weakness  or lack of focus in a paper. Although an  outline  is rarely required for a piece of writing, it can be extremely helpful. Papers which are written with the assistance of an  outline  tend to be of a higher quality, because of the greater level of organization. For this reason, outlines should be among the tools which every writer knows how to use. Outlines help writers to organize what they are going to say before they write it. 2. What are the kinds of outline?The most common type of outline is called the  Alphanumeric Outline. Alpha as in alphabet and Numeric as in Numerals – it’s the one that uses a combination of numbers and letters to organize your thoughts. I. Start with Roman Numbers for Largest Headings A. Then use Capital Letters 1. Then use Arabic Numbers a. Then use small letters II. Continue In This Fashion Until the Outline Is Finished Full-sentence outlines, as the term suggests, use complete sentences on each line of the outline. These can take longer to write, but they do give a much more thorough idea of what is going to be in the final paper. Topic outlines list the main topic or idea of each line, but do not make complete sentences. Some call the Roman numerals above a-heads, the capitalized letters, b-heads, and so on. Some writers also prefer to insert a blank line between the a-heads and b-heads (N. B. these people keep the b-heads and c-heads together, though). I. Why do over 80% of today’s companies monitor their employees? A. To prevent fraudulent activities, theft, and other workplace related violations. B. To more efficiently monitor employee productivity. C.To prevent any legal liabilities due to harassing or offensive communications. II. What are the employees privacy right’s when it comes to EM/S (Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance) in the workplace? A. American employees have basically no legal protection from mean and snooping bosses. 1. There are no federal or State laws protecting employees 2. Employees may assert privacy protection for their own personal effects. A less common type of outline is the  Decimal Outline. This uses numbers, and each sub-heading has the number of the heading as part of it.This outline is used if you have a long, complicated outline and need to instantly be able to tell exactly where each section goes in the whole picture. Thesis statement: — 1. 0 Main Topic 1. 1Subheading 1. 2 Subheading 2. 0 Main Topic 2. 1 Subheading 2. 1. 1 Supporting Detail 2. 1. 2 Supporting Detail 2. 1. 3 Supporting Detail . . . . . . . . . 3. What is a Thesis Statement? A thesis statement tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion. It is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.It directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel. It makes a claim that others might dispute. It is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation. 4. How similar or different is it from a main idea?The main difference is that â€Å"thesis† is generally used by teachers when referring to nonfiction works (you find them in history books and science books) while a â€Å"theme† is used when referring to a literary work (fiction). A thesis is stated plainly and early in a nonfiction work, while a theme is an idea or message that you get once you’ve read the book and you’ve taken some time to reflect on its meaning. The main idea, or thesis, should give your readers a clear and specific idea of your topic. The main idea can be thought of as a one or two sentence summary of the whole writing project. 5. What is an Action Research? Action research is known by many other names, including participatory research, collaborative inquiry, emancipatory research, action learning, and contextual action research, but all are variations on a theme. Put simply, action research is â€Å"learning by doing† – a group of people identify a problem, do something to resolve it, see how successful their efforts were, and if not satisfied, try again. While this is the essence of the approach, there are other key attributes of action research that differentiate it from common problem-solving activities that we all engage in every day.A more succinct definition is that an action research aims to contribute both to the practical concerns of people in an immediate problematic situation and to further the goals of social science simultaneously. Thus, there is a dual commitment in action research to study a system and concurrently to collaborate with members of the system in changing it in what i s together regarded as a desirable direction. Accomplishing this twin goal requires the active collaboration of researcher and client, and thus it stresses the importance of co-learning as a primary aspect of the research process.What separates this type of research from general professional practices, consulting, or daily problem-solving is the emphasis on scientific study, which is to say the researcher studies the problem systematically and ensures the intervention is informed by theoretical considerations. Much of the researcher’s time is spent on refining the methodological tools to suit the exigencies of the situation, and on collecting, analyzing, and presenting data on an ongoing, cyclical basis.Several attributes separate action research from other types of research. Primary is its focus on turning the people involved into researchers, too – people learn best, and more willingly apply what they have learned, when they do it themselves. It also has a social dimension – the research takes place in real-world situations, and aims to solve real problems. Finally, the initiating researcher, unlike in other disciplines, makes no attempt to remain objective, but openly acknowledges their bias to the other participants. How to cite Kinds of Outline, Papers

Surprising Never Knew About Warren Buffett -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Surprising Never Knew About Warren Buffett? Answer: Introducation Warren Buffett, one of the most dominant investor around the globe was born on 30th August, 1930. At present he is working as the CEO of Berkshire Hathaway and is commonly referred as the Oracle of Omaha. He is solely responsible for the overall growth of the company and for it to become one of the biggest conglomerates internationally with over 60 companies together with Duracell, Dairy Queen and Geico. Globally, he is the second wealthiest with the net worth of around $76.9 billion. At the early age of 11, he started trading in share market and was an official taxpayer by the age of 13 proving his passion for tax effectiveness. By the time he turned 16, he made huge revenue which is around $53,000 in current dollars (Elkins, 2015). During his teenage days, he made more money than his teachers and seniors by doing few businesses such as paper delivery, selling stamps and old golf balls etc. Considering his huge success, no one can ever imagine that he was refused admission at the Ha rvard University and chose Columbia University where his icons Benjamin Graham and David Dodd were teaching. Since he was not Jewish, Benjamin Graham refused to employ him for a particular post. But he was persistent. Being reluctant at public speaking, he took a Dale Carnegie course on the same of around $100 at the age of 21. Warren Buffay-Some Interesting Facts One more interesting fact about Warren Buffett is that despite of being a billionaire, he has been residing in the same house in Omaha since 1958 which he initially bought for around $31,500. In this era of advanced technology, he still makes use of Nokia flip phone instead of smart phone and doesnt makes use of computers and internet which is clear from the fact that he has mailed only once in his entire life which was sent to Jeff Raikes of Microsoft and ended up in controversy(Kirkham, 2014). He spends around 12 hours in a week to play bridge. He is an avid reader and spends most of his time reading. He follows unhealthy lifestyle in terms of eating and drinking coke. With a 9.3% share, his company is the biggest shareholder in Coca Cola (Leadem, 2016). Inspite of the fact that he had always been victorious, his net worth was $3.8 billion more on his 60th birthday which shows that around 94% of his capital was gained much later in his life. The GDP of Uruguay is projected to be lo wer than his net value. Not only is he recognized as a successful investor but is also considered as a generous donor. He created The Giving Pledge in the year 2010 together with Bill and Melinda Gates to request richest group globally to donate greater part of their assets for good and social cause. In the year 2016, he promised to contribute 85% of its companys shares steadily to charitable organizations. Because of his generosity, he has been recognized with the Presidential Medal of Freedom which is the biggest national award. He also has contributed huge amount to The Apple Campus. Buffett has always been exceptional in his performance. He stands at number one and has the biggest record in thrashing the market amongst all the top investors (Holodny, 2014). Berkshire Hathaway is the biggest investor with 24% shares in The Washington Post (WPO) as Buffett has always been connected with the company from his high school days (Reed, 2011). In relation to shares and stock market, Buffett has always followed a straightforward and uncomplicated approach. Instead of possessing numerous of diverse securities, his company comprises of shares from around 30 companies inclusive of American Express, Johnson Johnson, Kraft, Wells Fargo, Procter Gamble, Coca Cola, Wal-Mart and ConocoPhillips. With his philosophy of relating success with love rather than money, it makes him more appealing and renowned worldwide and is so popular that people pay in millions just to have food with him. The investing magnate splurges economically although he receives around $100,000 from his com pany yearly. Being guided by his own certain principles which he uses in investment, he has given some really interesting and motivational quotes related to the same. One such quote is: Accounting is the language of business, and you have to learn it like a language To be successful at business, you have to understand the underlying financial values of the business. Key Points Related To Successful Investment Warren Buffet gives exceptional advice on successful investment. First and the most important advice given by him is that if one cannot perceive a particular business, no investments should be made in that business. An individual working in an organization will have more knowledge about its business and related companies in that area. However, the investment market is huge with diverse companies and it is very difficult to know and predict each and every companys future prospects in shares. According to him, it is not possible to have a view for the whole market. Thus, even if one is investing in such field, it should be done with alertness. This is proven in case of Warren Buffett as he has always been reluctant in investing in technology field with an exception of IBM (ValueWalk, 2017). Another important advice that he gave was relating to the quality of business. There should not be any negotiation in the quality of business. Having an experience of over 50 years, he believes that high class companies give more development opportunity in future than the low class ones. This he learnt by wrongly investing in low priced texting industry long time back. Hence, investment should be made in high quality companies for long term and steady returns. Return on invested capital is the best way to judge the companys quality. Moving further, Buffett always had a concerted group of shares. He gives valuable direction to investors to keep on to their shares for the entire life. It is difficult to find a suitable good quality business to invest and such business provides good prospects for future and increases its worth with the course of time. Also, rudiments take time for the share prices to be favourable. Further, continuous trading in securities may incur lower profits as major earnings will be lost in duty and commission (Simply Safe Dividends, 2016). Thus, investment is the game of persistence. Hence, one should plan to hang to their shares rather than planning to invest for a specified period of time. Further, he guides that a person should not possess more than 20 to 40 securities in diverse companies to have favourable returns. Before investing one should take into contemplation constructive long-standing monetary distinctiveness, fair and competent administration, striking purchasing control in opp osition to worth and knowledge about the company. Hence, it is better to be conservative and investing in few companies rather than owning large number of stocks. As by investing in diversity, one may loose on to profits by investing in few average industries. The investing tycoon also enlightens investors with a significant opinion on monetary news that impacts them. He guides that one should not pay much attention to the news as a person invests in a particular company for a long period of time and it is bound to have some minor and major fluctuations. However, one should clearly understand what impact fiscal news have on them in long term as almost all news is clamour which is proven in his case as he did not sell cokes shares despite of the reports of companys shares dropping by 4% due to momentary causes. Further, as per him investment is not at all straightforward, but at the same time it is not that complicated. It is not a simple game wherein a person always wins with approving results. Also, one should not get tricked by people who pronounce to have full knowledge about the stock market. Moving forward, he adds, an individual should have the capability of differentiating amid price and value as price is what an investor is paying and value is the return of the investment. Stock market is always fluctuating but it not necessarily has a long term effect. According to the billionaire, it is better to invest in companies who are established than in stirring companies which are trying to establish themselves. It will be more rewarding to gain profits with the course of time. Hence, it is constructive to follow an uninteresting path with slow and steady growth. He also believes that it is more advisable to invest more in low-cost index funds than in any government fund. Lastly, he counsels to invest in truthful and experienced organization. Conclusion At the end, we conclude that Warren Buffett has given some useful and experienced insights on investment. Every investor should follow them for positive returns. Undoubtedly, he is one of the most popular and successful personalities around the world. Not only is he a victorious investor, but also a great philanthropist. He is known worldwide for his charitable work. As per him, one should not invest in a hurry, should always invest in high quality business for lifetime, should invest in few known companies without paying much attention to financial news, should be able to differentiate amid price and value, should not be attracted by new and thrilling companies and should invest in low-index funds. By following his guidance any investor can become successful. References: Kirkham, E. (2014). 21 Surprising Facts You Never Knew About Warren Buffett. Retrieved from https://www.gobankingrates.com/net-worth/21-fun-never-knew-warren-buffett/ Elkins, K. (2015). 22 mind-blowing facts about Warren Buffett and his wealth. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.in/22-mind-blowing-facts-about-Warren-Buffett-and-his-wealth/articleshow/49082296.cms Leadem, R. (2016). 24 Surprising Facts About Warren Buffett. Retrieved form https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/290381 Holodny, E. (2014). 17 facts about Warren Buffett and his wealth that will blow your mind . Retrieved form https://finance.yahoo.com/news/warren-buffett-facts-about-his-wealth-193006548.html Reed, B. (2011). 10 Warren Buffett Facts You Wont Believe Are True. Retrieved from https://www.nasdaq.com/article/10-warren-buffett-facts-you-wont-believe-are-true-cm97581 ValueWalk. (2017).Top 10 Investment Tips from Warren Buffett- the Most Successful Investor in the World. Retrieved from https://www.valuewalk.com/2017/03/top-10-investment-tips-warren-buffett-successful-investor-world/ Simply Safe Dividends (2016). Warren Buffetts Top 10 Pieces of Investment Advice. Retrieved from https://www.simplysafedividends.com/warren-buffett-investment-advice

Exploring the Hospitality Industry free essay sample

Hospitality businesses are open 365 days a year, 24 hours a day Constant strive for outstanding guest satisfaction leads to guest loyalty leads to more pro? t Services are mostly intangible the product is for the guest’s use not possession only Inseparability: characteristic of services that makes them inseparable (1) from their means of production, and (2) from the customers experience of them. Inseparability requires that a consumer of a service interacts (sometimes physically) with its producer to receive its bene? s Perishability: one of the four fundamental characteristics of a service, it refers to the fact that (in general) services cannot be produced and stockpiled (inventoried) before consumption: they exist only at the time of their production The hospitality business is selling an intangible and perishable product Perfecting service Service is ‘the act or means of serving’, to serve is to ‘provide goods and services for’ and ‘be of assistance of’ Guest expectations have increased and the realisation that ‘we buy loyalty with service’ have caused the hospitality industry to be re-vamped The essence of teamwork: ‘if you are not serving the guest, you had better be serving someone who is’ someone in the back of the house is serving someone in the front of the house, who is serving the guest (employees are sometimes called internal guests; one employee serves another employee who serves the guest) helps to achieve the common goal: guest satisfaction External guests the people who are willing to pay for a company’s service their satisfaction ultimately measures a company’s success Internal guests The people inside a company who receive or bene? from the output of work done by others in the same company Steps for success in service 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring the Hospitality Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page focus on the guest 2. understand the role of guest service 3. weave a service culture into education and training systems 4. emphasise on high touch instead of high tech 5. thrive on change leadership involves change, because the external environment is changing when implementing change: 1. State the purpose of the change 2. Involve all employees in the process 3. Monitor, update and follow up Total quality management (TQM) helps improve service to guests by empowering employees to give service that exceeds guest expectations Works best when managers are lso good leaders, they have to create a stimulating work environment in which guests and employees become an integral part of the mission by participating in goal and objective setting Achieving TQM is a top-down, bottom-up process that must have the active commitment and participation of all employees from the top executives down to the bottom of the corporate ladder TQM focusses on error prevention Quality control (QC) focusses on error detection By empowerment employees will feel responsible for their jobs and have a stake in the company’s success To empower employees, managers must: 1. Take risks 2. Delegate 3. Create a learning environment 4. Share information and encourage self-expression 5. Involve employees in de? ning their own vis ion 6. Be thorough and patient with employees The hospitality industry is a service industry; this means that we take pride in caring about others as well as ourselves. Ensuring that guests receive outstanding service is a goal of hospitality corporations CHAPTER 3 Pleasure travel 82% of domestic travel is leisure travel (leisure, recreation, holidays and VFR) Nearly half visits friend and relatives Reasons for travel To experience new and different surroundings To experience other cultures To rest and relax To visit friends and family To view or participate in sporting / recreational activities Reason for increasing travel Longer life span Flexible working hours Early retirement Greater ease of travel Tendency to take shorter, more frequent trips Increase in the standard of living The appeals of travel Scenic beauty Pleasant attitudes of local people Suitable accommodation Rest and relaxation Airfare cost Historical and cultural interest Cuisine Water sports Entertainment (e. g. , nightlife) Shopping facilities Sports (golf and tennis) Factors in? encing travel Entertainment Purchase opportunities Climate for comfort Cost Travel is an experience, not a tangible object The experience and the memory occur in the mind, leaving no concrete evidence as to why travel was undertaken and why the trip is experienced in so many different ways by different people Business travel Amount of business travel has declined General economic climate Acts of terrorism Companies’ reduced travel budgets These days business travel is often combined with leisure travel Business travellers for business purposes such as Meetings All kinds of sales Conventions Trade shows Exhibitions Compared to leisure travellers, they tend to be young, spend more money, travel farther and in smaller groups. However, they do not stay as long Business travel will gradually decline even further and leisure travel will increase Many people have more leisure time and higher level of education More disposable income The cost of travel has remained constant or dropped The social and cultural impact of tourism Tourism can leave both positive and negative impact of communities Tourism has made signi? ant contributions to international understanding Tourism is a means of enhancing: International understanding Peace Prosperity Universal respect for, and observance of human rights Fundamental freedom for all, without distinction to race, sex, language, or religion Tourism is a sociocultural phenomenon, exchanging sociocultural values The competitiveness of international destinations is based on such attributes as Service quality Price Safety Security Entertainment Weather Infrastructure Natural environment Political stability What is ecotourism? ‘Responsible tourism’ A reaction to the negative consequences on natural resources, ecosystems and cultural destinations Environmentally responsible travel and visitations to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature that promotes conservation, has low negative visitor impact, and provides bene? ially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations Ecotourism is more focused on individual values Promotes biodiversity Promotes conservation Minimises the environmental impact of tourism Increases knowledge of culture and the environment Sustains the livelihood of locals Cultural tourism Visits motivated wholly or in part by interest in the historical, artistic, scienti? c, or lifestyle / heritage offerings of a community, region, group or institution It bene? ts from the United Nations Educational, Scienti? c, and Cultural Organisations (UNESCO), which designated a number of World H eritage Sites worthy of protection and preservation due to outstanding value of humanity Placing local arts and crafts in hotel lobbies, guest rooms, and restaurants increases the demand for them and at the same times creates a desirable local ambience in the hotels Cultural tourism enhances the arts and crafts of a destination by roviding new markets for artisans, often reviving a fading art or craft and fostering the development of traditional forms Heritage tourism Tourism that respects natural and built environments, the heritage of the people and place, and appreciation for historical milestones and ‘heritage trails’ The purpose of preservation is to protect those assets for the enjoyment of present and future generations The challenge is heritage tourism is ensuring that the increased number visitations does not destroy the very qualities that attracts tourists in the ? rst place Four steps to a comprehensive heritage program Assessing the potential Planning and organising Preparing, protecting, and managing Marketing for success Nature tourism Tourism motivated by nature, such as visits to a national park Baby boomers have increasingly become interested in nature tourism CHAPTER 4 Franchising A concept that allows a company to quickly expand by using other’s money instead of own ? nancing. For a fee, the franchiser grants certain rights such as the trademark, signs, proven operating systems, operating procedures and reservation system and purchasing discounts The franchisee agrees (under contract) to operate in accordance with the franchiser’s guidelines Management contracts A management contract is an arrangement under which operational control of an enterprise is vested by contract in a separate enterprise which performs the necessary managerial functions in return for a fee. Management contracts involve not just selling a method of doing things (as with franchising) but involve actually doing them Responsibility for rapid hotel industry boom since the 1970s Popularity because they involve little or no up-front ? nancing or equity Types and location of hotels 1. Based on location City centre Generally located in the heart of the city within a short distance from business centre, shopping arcade Resort hotels They are also termed as health resort or beach hill resort and so depending on their position and location. They cater a person who wants to relax, enjoy themselves at hill station. Most resort work to full capacity during peak season. Sales and revenue ? ctuate from season to season Freeway Hotels and Motels (Motor) hotels offer a convenient place to stay that are reasonably priced with few frills. Guest can simply drive up park outside the of? ce, register, rent a room and park outside the room 2. Based on the level of service (Classi? ed into economy, and luxury on the basis of the level of service they offer) Economy / Budget hotels These meet the basic need of the guest by providing comfortable and clean room for a comfortable stay 3. Based on the length of stay Transient Hotel These are where guest stays for a day or even less, they are usually ? ve star hotels. The occupancy rate is usually very high. These hotels are situated near airport Residential hotels These are the hotel where guest can stay for a minimum period of one month and up to a year. The rent can be paid on monthly or quarterly basis. They provide sitting room, bed room and kitchenette Semi residential hotels These hotels incorporate features of both transient and residential hotel 5. Based on target market Commercial hotel They are situated in the heart of the city in busy commercial areas so as to get good and high business. They cater mostly businessmen. Convention hotels These hotels have large convention complex and cater to people attending a convention, conference Suite hotels These hotel offer rooms that may include compact kitchenette. They cater to people who are relocating act as like lawyers, executives who are away from home for a long business stay. Casino hotels Hotel with predominantly gambling facilities comes under this category, they have guest room and food and operation too. These hotels tend to cater leisure and vacation travellers. Gambling activities at some casino hotels operate 24 hours a day and 365 days a year Vacation Ownership Political correct way of saying time-share A person purchases the use of a unit for block of time, usually in weeks The idea is that you bene? t by pre-paying for a vacation place rather than renting it, as you might otherwise do. The pro? t that would have gone to the rental stays in your pocket. Under a Vacation Ownership plan you agree to a one-time purchase price and an annual maintenance fee, Vacation Ownership purchasers own their accommodation time and purchase the right-to-use it for a speci? ed number of years CHAPTER 5 Function and departments of a hotel The main function of a hotel is to provide an outstanding lodging experience Provide all the comforts of home to those away from home A large hotel is run by a General Manager and executive committee, key associates: Rooms Division director FB director Marketing and Sales director Human Resources director Chief accountant Chief engineer Role of the hotel General Manager Large hotels can be impersonal, but the GM has to make sure that he / she gets to know the guests and makes their stay memorable. GMs can be present in the lobby of the hotel or in FB outlets at peak times Guests like the feeling that the GM has personal interest in their well-being Qualities of a GM Leadership Attention to detail Follo w-through People skills Patience Ability to delegate ef? ciently The GM sets the tone, selecting and training the best people, and others try to match it Management structure The GM, with the input from the executive committee, makes all the major decisions affecting the hotel These executives compile the occupancy forecast together with all revenues and expenses to make up the budget The departments The rooms division’s director is responsible to the GM for the ef? cient and effective leadership and operation of all the rooms division departments This includes ? ancial responsibility, employee satisfaction goals, guest satisfaction goals, guest services, guest relations, security and the gift shop The front of? ce is the hub or nerve centre of the hotel It is the ? rst impression that the guest gets from the hotel The guest relies on the front of? ce for information and service throughout the stay The duty of the FOM is to provide outstanding guest services to exceed needs Main functions of the front of? ce staff To sell rooms To maintain balanced guest accounts To offer service such as handling mail, faxes, messages, and local hotel information A hotel balances their accounts at the end of each business day The night auditor waits until the hotel quiets down at 1. 0 AM and begins the task of balancing the guests’ accounts receivable The daily report contains rooms occupancy percentage (ROP) and average daily rate (ADR) ROP is rooms occupied, divided by the number of rooms available ADR is the total rooms revenue, divided by the number of rooms sold Property management systems A system that help the hotel to accept, store, and retrieve guest reservations, history, requests and billing arrangements electronically It is designed to assist front of? ce employees with Reservation management Rooms management Guest account management Revenue management It is a demand-forecasting technique used to maximise room revenue Based on supply and demand principle To increase pro? tability Management would like to sell every room at rack rate (= published rate that the hotel wants to get for the room) But most of the rooms are sold at discount on the rack rate To allocate the right type of capacity to the right guest at the right price so as to maximise revenue or yield per available room Yield is ROP * rate achievement factor Rate achievement factor is ADR divided by rack rate Revenue per available room (rev par) is total room revenue, divided by the number of available rooms Communications CBX or RBX Telecommunications department Guest communication.

Free Essays on The Logic Of Collective Action

In his book, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Mancur Olson writes about how groups are formed. As an economist, Olson investigates the economic incentives and disincentives for group formation, especially political and trade organizations. â€Å"Olson demonstrates that firms may prefer to ‘free ride’ on the efforts of others rather than pay a share of the costs.† (Ciglar and Loomis 212) His conclusion is that individuals are led to act in a self-interested manner that interferes with any desire to work toward a collective good. Producers of a certain product have an interest in selling the product for as high of a price as possible. It is in their collective good to find ways to push prices and profits higher. An easy way to achieve higher prices is to organize and establish set prices. However, the organization of a trade group would require full participation of all makers of the product within the market. If one producer refused to join the group and sold the product for less money, that producer would come to dominate the market. A group is unlikely to form because each individual producer has a stronger interest in being the one who does not join and comes to undersell the competition, similar to the â€Å"tragedy of the commons.† There is a conflict between the individual interests of the producers and their collective interest. Another type of group is one that is seeking a benefit, but not selling. Collective bargaining is an example Olson uses. Workers have an interest in unionizing to drive up wages and force better working conditions. Non-joiners would not endanger union members. However, non-joiners would gain the benefits of the collective agreements. Therefore, each individual has an interest in not joining but still receiving the benefits and becoming a free-rider. Joining requires the use of resources. Why would someone join a group when the benefits would be gained even wit... Free Essays on The Logic Of Collective Action Free Essays on The Logic Of Collective Action In his book, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Mancur Olson writes about how groups are formed. As an economist, Olson investigates the economic incentives and disincentives for group formation, especially political and trade organizations. â€Å"Olson demonstrates that firms may prefer to ‘free ride’ on the efforts of others rather than pay a share of the costs.† (Ciglar and Loomis 212) His conclusion is that individuals are led to act in a self-interested manner that interferes with any desire to work toward a collective good. Producers of a certain product have an interest in selling the product for as high of a price as possible. It is in their collective good to find ways to push prices and profits higher. An easy way to achieve higher prices is to organize and establish set prices. However, the organization of a trade group would require full participation of all makers of the product within the market. If one producer refused to join the group and sold the product for less money, that producer would come to dominate the market. A group is unlikely to form because each individual producer has a stronger interest in being the one who does not join and comes to undersell the competition, similar to the â€Å"tragedy of the commons.† There is a conflict between the individual interests of the producers and their collective interest. Another type of group is one that is seeking a benefit, but not selling. Collective bargaining is an example Olson uses. Workers have an interest in unionizing to drive up wages and force better working conditions. Non-joiners would not endanger union members. However, non-joiners would gain the benefits of the collective agreements. Therefore, each individual has an interest in not joining but still receiving the benefits and becoming a free-rider. Joining requires the use of resources. Why would someone join a group when the benefits would be gained even wit...

Critical reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical reading response - Essay Example He offers three possible solutions for these issues. He states that mandatory attendance should be abolished and replaced with policies allowing kids to attend classes only when they want to. He also suggests removing children from schools, declaring them to be prisons where learning is limited. Additionally, he views that abolishing the curriculum is also a possible solution because people merely remember what they believe is interesting and useful to them. In order to assess the veracity or, at least, appropriateness of Holt’s claims, the major points of his article will be analyzed. First, Holt states that learning is inherent in every human, and that babies learn the basics of living and survival from the day they are born. Without any formal instruction, kids learn to communicate and interact with people around them. They learn through discovery, association, application, and mistakes (Holt, â€Å"School is Bad for Children†). This is a very strong point. Yes we sh ould acknowledge that school provides specialized information of some subject matters, but it does not mean that learning the same is impossible outside school. To prove this, one can simply look at the greatest minds in man’s history like Albert Einstein, Blaise Pascal, Pierre Curie, the Wright brothers, Thomas Alva Edison, and Alexander Graham Bell. These great minds did not acquire their knowledge from traditional schools because they were all home-schooled (McKee 16). Therefore, with the undeniable inherent ability of man to learn coupled with proven achievements of those that never went to school, it is easy to agree with Holt on this matter. Another statement made by Holt is that school environment encourages passive learning, thereby decreasing the utilization of man’s inherent ability to learn through active discovery, association, application, and mistakes. It also encourages the thinking that to be wrong is a crime, and to be right is the only acceptable thin g. In school, students are dictated by the experts on what is important, what they need, and what they should do. Technically, everything is spoon-fed (Holt, â€Å"School is Bad for Children†). Holt is not exaggerating when he states school teaches kids to do something only if they are forced, bribed, or deceived, since school rewards excellence and correctness. Despite the idea that teachers encourage children to analyze and ask, at the end of the day, they still follow a pre-set standard of what is correct and incorrect. Knowing the correct and universally accepted answer is the only way to pass, and passing is the only way to move forward. These standards place children in categories --- stupid, average, or brilliant (McKee 21). Moreover, it gives a false idea that learning and living are separate things that cannot merge together. The live outside the school, and learn inside with the experts. It reinforces the belief that children cannot be trusted to learn on their own --- they need experts to tell them what they should know to be considered knowledgeable and learned (Holt, â€Å"School is Bad for Children†). Holt again presents unquestionably strong arguments on this matter. Everyone who experienced school can relate to a great chunk of Holt’s standpoints. Another controversial statement is Holt’s declaration that schools shut kids’ brains and lead them to vices, particularly drugs. Several people may react negatively