Foreign Exchange of Ibbl

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART †¢ Introduction †¢ Origin of the Report †¢ Scope of the Study †¢ Objective of the study †¢ Methodology †¢ Limitation of the study CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART 1. 1 Introduction: Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the World. The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the sunnah. Naturally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam.The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983, . It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities based on interest free and profit-loss sharing system. In doing so, it has unveiled anew horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished drems of the pe ople of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with prescribed by Islam.With the active co-operation and participation of Islam Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic bank , financial institutions ,government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries , Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) has by now earned the unique position of a leading private commercial Bank in Bangladesh. 1 2 1. 2 Origin of the Report: Compliant with the rule of the BBA Program, it is mandatory for a student to intern in an organization, in order to be acquainted with the real practices.Banking business in today’s world is going rapidly. Bank deals with diversified work. Here, many things have to learn quickly which later helps to build career decision. So, I had selected Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited for the internship. The topic of my study is â€Å"Different Modes of Investment of IBBL on Mirpur Branch† 3 4 1. 3 Scope of the Study: BBA course curriculum necessitates for knowing the banking system of any bank. No economic standard can run without banking system or any other financial institutions.My study is ‘Different modes of investment of IBBL on Mirpir Branch’ is a relevant and core of Banking business. Without this concern bank cannot think of its business and existence. I have worked at Pallabi Branch of IBBL. The report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services; the report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services, operating activities financial position, performance analysis, different types of modes present situation, performance analysis and SWOT analysis of IBBL. 1. 4 Objectives of the study: The objectives of this report are: To know about Islamic banking system in Bangladesh. To know about different modes manufacturing of investment of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To study the performance of different modes of investment of Islami bank Bangladesh limited. ? To id entify the problem of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To make sngation. 5 1. 5 Methodology: This report has been prepared on the basis of experience gathered during the period of internship form 19th April to13thjun. Within this period I visited three department namely General Banking, Investment and Foreign Exchange departments. Section |Duration |Working Day | |General Banking |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | |Investment |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | |Foreign Exchange |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | A. Sources of Data: The report is prepared by using both primary and secondary data. ) Primary Sources: A lots of the required information came from primary sources. These sources are: o Face to face conversation with the officers: Officers of the general banking, Foreign Exchange & Investment Division of Mirpur Branch, Dhaka have been interviewed. o Practical desk work o Relevant file study as provided by the concerned officer o In depth study of selected cases. o Maintaining diary. i i) Secondary sources: Conceptual parts of the report have been collected by studying different literatures regarding credit appraisal system.Some of these secondary sources are: ? Different Circulars issued by the Head Office and Bangladesh Bank ? Different ‘Investment Manual’, published by IBBL. ? Annual Reports 2010 of IBBL. ? www. islamibankbd. com ? Newspaper information on several days ? Audit Reports. ? Relevant books, Newspapers and Journals. B. Analysis of Data: Some arithmetic and graphical tools are used in this report for analyzing the collected data and to classifying those to interpret them clearly. 6 1. 6 Limitations of the study: Islami banking system is different than the traditional banking system †¢ It is very difficult to analyze this issue without proper knowledge about Islamic banking and economy. †¢ As it is not conventional so it bears some complexity to understand. †¢ Some words are in Arabic terms that make it difficult. †¢ I t is time consuming to differentiate & understand interest & profit. CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART †¢ Background †¢ Definition of Islamic Economy †¢ Islamic Banking †¢ History of Islamic Banking Goals & Objectives of Islami Banking †¢ Essential Features of an Islamic Bank †¢ Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking †¢ Brief Description of the IBBL †¢ Mission †¢ Vision †¢ Aims and Objectives †¢ Functions of IBBL †¢ Structure of the organization CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART 7 2. 1 Background: Islam is a complete way of life, and Allah’s Guidance extends into all areas of our lives. Islam has given detailed regulations for our economic life, which is balanced and fair.Muslims are to recognize that wealth, earnings, and material goods are the property of Allah and we are merely his trustees. The principles of Islam aim at establishing a just society wherein everyone will behave responsively and honestly. The Quaranic concept is based upon sovereignty of Allah overall. He is the source of income for human beings. The Almighty provides whatever man possesses to him. Allah is the sustainer of human beings, animals and other beings. It is his desire to whom he gives more and to whom he gives less. 2. 2 Definition of Islamic Economy: a) Islamic Economics is that branch of knowledge, which helps realize human well being through an allocation and distribution of scarce resource that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing individual freedom, or creating continued macro-economic and ecological imbalances- By Omar Chapra (b) Islamic Economics is the science of how man uses resources and means of production to study his worldly needs according to a predetermined code given by Allah in order to achieve the greatest equity- By Princes Muhammad Al-Faisal Saud. 2. 3 Islamic Banking:In the late seventies and early eighties, Muslim countries were awoken by the e mergence of Islami Bank which provided interest free banking facilities. There are currently more then 300 interst free institutions all over the world. Islami Bank now a days not only operate in almost Muslim countries but have extended their wings to the Western world to serve both Muslim and non Muslim countries. In case of Islami Banking the establishment of Mitghamar Local Savings Bank in 1963 is said to be a milestone for modern Islami Banking can nevertheless be traced back to the birth of Isalm.Definition of Islami Banking: An Islami Bank is a financial institution whose statutes, rules and regulations expressly state its commitment to the principles of Islamic Shariah and to the banning of the receipt and payment of interest on any of its operating. – According to OIC 2. 4 History of Islamic Banking: During Sumerian, Babylonian and Mesopotamian civilization, temples gave loans to states and individuals and accumulated much wealth prompting various councils to issue d ecrees. City of Mecca was complex and heterogeneous place, where clan and tribal community were involved in interest based loans.Prophet and his companions were to introduce Arabs to Islam. There is evidence to indicate that the development of Islami Banking started from the time of Prophet. Four revelations of Al-Quran specifically dealing with interest are milestone which later shaped the operational aspects of the Islami Banking system. There are numerous Hadiths relevant to banking which clearly prohibits Muslim from accepting or paying riba. The only known organized financial institution originated during prophet was the Baitul Mal, which involved in state income, expenditure and development purpose.Evidence indicates that the two sons of Chaliph Umar were given loans from Baitul Mal which they used on their way back to Madina for trading and consequently earned profit. Caliph declared it as Mudaraba and taken half profit for Baitul Mal against involved capital. 2. 5 Goals & Ob jectives of Islami Banking: (a) Establishment of an Interest frees financial system. (b) Ensuring justice to both suppliers of fund and user of fund. (c) Encouraging & patronizing entrepreneurship. (d) Creating employment. (e) Bridging up the gap between the surplus and deficit of fund. (f) Development of a healthy capital and money market. g) Providing various services and utilities to the public. (h) Development of standard of living. (i) Maintaining justice and equity at all level of transaction. (j) Swishing over to mass banking from class banking. (k) Alleviating Poverty through Zakat & profit sharing micro-finance. 2. 6 Essential Features of an Islamic Bank: a) Prohibition of Interest: The traditional capitalist banking system depends of interest for providing loans and pays interest for taking loans. The spread between these two interests is the source of its profit. But according to Islamic Shariah all types of interest is banned.So Islamic Bank does not carry on business of interest and it completely avoids the transaction of interest. b) Investment Based on Profit: After departing from interest, the alternative ways of income for Islamic Bank are investment and profit. Thus Islamic Bank gives up any transaction of interest and makes investments based on profit. Bank distributes its profit to its depositors and shareholders. c) Investing in Halal Business: Islamic Shariah has banned the business of haram goods. For example Islam not only forbids the drinking of alcohol but also banned any business of alcohol.Therefore Islamic Bank does not get any haram business and only do halal business. d) Halal Paths and Procedures: Islamic Shariah also reject any haram path or process any case of a halal business. Therefore Islamic Banking system only allows the halal path procedures of Halal business. 2. 7 Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking: (a) Risk Sharing: †¢ No predetermined rate of return. †¢ Sharing end result o f the business. †¢ Mudaraba loss is entirely borne by the Shahib-al-Maal. (b) Emphasis on productivity not on credit worthiness: †¢ Dominant consideration no on collaterals. Emphasis on soundness of the project. (c) Moral Dimension: †¢ Islamic value oriented system. †¢ Full compliance of Shariah. †¢ No finance for wine/tobacco/casino/pork production or trading. (d) Equity: †¢ Justice to all parties. †¢ Riba is unjust. (e) Allocative efficiency: †¢ Productive of the project. †¢ Finance goes to high productive project even if credit worthiness is lower. (f) Stability of the Banking System: †¢ Mudaraba & Musharaka Mechanism ensures stability. (g)Growth: †¢ Promotes Innovation. †¢ Entrepreneurship Development. 2. 8 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE IBBL: Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world.The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. Natu rally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam. The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983. This Bank is the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities on the basis of interest-free profit-loss sharing system.In doing so, it has unveiled a new horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished dream of the people of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with what is prescribed by Islam. With the active co-operation and participation of Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic banks, financial institutions, government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries, Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has by now ea rned the unique position of a leading private commercial bank in Bangladesh. 2. 9 Mission:To establish Islamic Banking through the introduction of a welfare oriented banking system and also ensure equity and justice in the field of all economic activities, achieve balanced growth and equitable development through diversified investment operations particularly in the priority sectors and less development areas of the country. To encourage socio-economic enlistment and financial services to the low income community particularly in the rural areas. 2. 10 Vision: IBBL’s vision is to always strive to achieve superior financial performance, be considered a leading Islamic Bank by reputation and performance. The bank’s goal is to establish and maintain the modern banking techniques, to ensure the soundness and development of the financial system based on Islamic principles and to become the strong and efficient organization with highly motivated professionals, working for the benefit of people, based upon accountability, transparency and integrity in order to ensure the stability of financial systems. †¢ The bank will try to encourage savings in the form of direct investment. †¢ The bank will also try to encourage Investment particularly in projects which are more likely to lead to higher employment. 2. 1 Aims and Objectives: †¢ To conduct interest-free banking. †¢ To establish participatory banking instead of banking on debtor-creditor relationship. †¢ To invest on profit and risk sharing basis. †¢ To accept deposits on Mudaraba & Al-Wadeah basis. †¢ To establish a welfare-oriented banking system. †¢ To extend co-operation to the poor, the helpless and the low-income group for their economic enlistment. To play a vital role in human development and employment generation. †¢ To contribute towards balanced growth and development of the country through investment operations particularly in the less developed ar eas. To contribute in achieving the ultimate goal of Islamic economic system. 2. 12 Functions of IBBL: The IBBL’s has number of Functions, they are as follows: 1. General banking ? Account Opening Section ? M. S. B, M. S. S, Hajji Section ? P. O, T. D. R, D. D, T. T Section ? Cash Section ? Clearing House Section ? Transaction Entry Section 2. Foreign Exchange Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 3. Investment Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 2. 13 Organization Structure of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited: [pic] [pic] CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL †¢ Introduction †¢ Investment policy of IBBL †¢ Investment Strategy of IBBL †¢ Investment Modes of IBBL †¢ Mode wise investment †¢ Sector wise Analysis †¢ Special Investment Schemes of IBBL CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL 3. 1 Introduction: Islamic Bank does not invest in loans and fixed interest securities. It can invest in ordinary share only while interest based bank can invest in loans and different kinds of securities.Islami Bank establishes and participate projects with its client as a partner and bears the risk along with the client on a proportionate basis. Besides, other conventional banks sometimes finance projects but do not bear risk. Finally, the concept of Islamic Bank is to establish on egalitarian society based on principles of social justice and equity. Whereas traditional banks pay a fixed interest on savings, time deposit and grant loans with interest for any purpose. We have gathered the fact that investment management is the theme of IBBL. The bank takes deposits and invests the same based on the profit-loss sharing.Bank go for the investment mainly which are long term and profitable in nature. IBBL also give high concentration on the investment that will generate more employment. As investment is one of t he most priority areas for the IBBL, so it needs to cautious in investment decision. To ensure proper investment IBBL always go with in-depth study before making the investment. So in the next phases we are going to demonstrate the way IBBL follow the manage investment. 2 Investment policy of IBBL: Investment policy of Islamic Bank and non Islamic bank are fully different.The investment policies of Islami bank Bangladesh limited are given follows †¢ To invest fund strictly in accordance with the principles of Islamic Shariah. †¢ To diversify its investment portfolio by size of investment, by sectors (public & private), by economic purpose, by securities and by geographical area including industrial, commercial & agricultural. †¢ To ensure mutual benefit both for the Bank and the investment-client by professional appraisal of investment proposals, judicious sanction of investment, close and constant supervision and monitoring thereof. To make investment keeping the soc io-economic requirement of the country in view. †¢ To increase the number of potential investors by making participatory and productive investment. †¢ To finance various development schemes for poverty alleviation, income and employment generation with a view to accelerating sustainable socio-economic growth and upliftment of the society. †¢ To invest in the form of goods and commodities rather than give out cash money to the investment clients. †¢ To encourage social upliftment enterprises. †¢ To shun even highly profitable investment in fields forbidden under Islamic Shariah and are harmful for the society. The Bank extends investments under the principles of Bai-Murabaha, Bai-Muazzal, Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Meelk and Musharaka. The Bank is making sincere efforts to go for investment under Mudaraba principle in near future. 3. 3Investment Strategy of IBBL: Most of the cases investment strategy of Islamic Bank and interest-based bank are contradictor y. The investment strategies of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited are given below: ? To check exodus of investment clients. ? To induct new investment clients. ? To induct good investment clients of other Banks. To enhance existing limits of good investment clients. ? Extension of investment transport sector. ? Extension of investment to backward as well as forward linkage industries. ? Extension of investment to real Estate Sector. ? Extension of investment to Jute sector; particularly for trading and export purpose. ? Strengthening supervision, control and monitoring mechanism. ? Training and motivation of manpower to handle increased and diverse volume of investment s. ? To give due consideration to high risk, high return and low risk, low return investment proposals. Adaptation of modern technology 3. 4 Investment Modes of IBBL: IBBL invests its money in various sectors of the economy through different modes permitted by shariah and approved by the Bangladesh Band. The modes of inv estment are as follows: [pic] A. Bai-Mechanism (Trading mode): Bai-Murabaha: Bai- murabaha may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the sells certain specific goods (permissible under Islamic shariah and the law of the land) to the buyer at a cost plus agreed profit payable in cash or on any fixed future data in lump sum or by installments.The marked up profit may be fixed in lump sum or in percentage of the cost price of the goods. Important features: ( It is permissible for the client to offer an order to purchase by the bank particular goods deciding its specification and committing him to buy same from the bank on murabaha, i. e. cost plus agreed upon profit. ( It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank, that is, he is to satisfy the promise or to indemnify the damages caused by breaking the promise without excuse. It is also permissible to take cash / collateral security to guarantee the implementation of the promise or indemnify the damages. ( Stock availability of goods is a basic condition for signing a Bai-murabaha agreement. Therefore, the bank must purchase the goods as per specification of the client to acquire ownership of the same before signing the Bai-Murabaha agreement with the Client. ( After purchase of goods the Bank must bear the risk of goods until those are actually sold and delivered to the Client, i. e. after purchase of the goods by the Bank and before selling of those on Bai-Murabaha to the Client buyer, the bank bear the consequences of any damages or defects, unless there is an agreement with the Client releasing the bank of the defects, that means, if the goods are damaged, bank is liable, if the goods are defective, (a defect that is not included in the release) the Bank bears the responsibility. ( The Bank must deliver the specified Goods to the Client on specified date and at specified place of delivery as per Contract. ( The bank shall the goods at a hig her price (Cost + {profit) to earn profit.The cost of goods sold and profit markup therewith shall separately and clearly be mentioned in the Bai-Murabaha agreement. The profit Mark-up may be mentioned in lump sum or in percentage of the purchase/cost price of the goods. But, under no circumstance, the percentage of the profit shall have any relation with time or expressed in relation with time, such as per month, per annum etc. ( The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further increased. ( It is permissible for the bank to authorize any third party to buy and receive the goods on Bank behalf.The authorization must be in a separated contract. Bai-Muajjal: Bai-Muajjal may be defined as a contract between a buyer and seller under which the seller sells certain specific goods permissible under Islamic Shariah and law of the country to the buyer at an agreed fixed price payable at a certain fixed future date in lump sum or within a fixed period by him as per order a nd specification of the buyer. Important feature: I. Bank is not bound to declare cost of goods and profit mark-up separately to the client. II. Spot delivery of the item and payment is deferred. III.The bank transfers ownership and possession of the goods to the client before receipt of sale price. IV. Client may offer an order to purchase by the bank any specified goods and committing himself to buy the same from the Bank on Bai-Muajjal mode. V. It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank. That is, he is either to satisfy the promise or to indemnify damage caused by breaking the promised. VI. Cash /Collateral Security should be obtained to guarantee the implementation of the promise or to indemnify the damages. VII.Mortgage / Guarantee /Cash Security may be obtained before / at the time of signing the agreement. VIII. Stock and availability of goods is a pre- condition for Bai- Muajjal agreement. The responsibility of the bank is to purc hase the desired goods at the disposal of the client to acquire ownership of the same before singing the Bai-Muajjal agreement with the client. IX. The Bank after purchase of good must bear the risk of goods until those are actually delivered to the client. X. The Bank must deliver the specified goods to client on the specified date and at specified place of delivery as per contract.XI. The Bank may sell the goods at one agreed price, which will include both the cost price and the profit. XII. The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further in increased. Bai-Salam: Bai-Salam may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the seller in advance in the certain commodity/products permissible under Islamic Shariah and the law of the land to the Buyer at an agreed price payable on execution of the said contract and the commodity products to the buyer at a future time in exchange of an advance price fully paid on the spot.Importance Features: Bai -salam is mode of investment allowed by Islamic Shariah in which commodity/product can be sold without having the said commodity (ies)/product(s) either in existence or physical/constructive possession of the seller. If the commodity /product are ready for sale, Bai-Salam is not allowed in Shariah. Then sale may be done either in Bai-Muajjal mode of investment. Generally, Industrial and agricultural products are purchased /sold in advance under Bai-Salam mode of investment to infuse finance so that product is not hindered due to shortage of fund/cash.I. It is permissible to obtain collateral security from the seller client to secure the investment from any hazards vis non-supply of supply of commodity (ies)/product, supply of low quality commodity (ies)/ product(s) etc. II. It is also permissible to obtain mortgage and /or personal guarantee from a third party as security before the signing of the agreement or at the time of signing the agreement. III. Bai-salam on a particular comm odity (ies)/product(s) or on a product of a particular field or farm cannot be affected. IV.The seller (manufacture) client may be made agent of the bank to sell the goods delivered to the bank by him provided a separated agency agreement is excuted between the bank and the client (agent). B. Share mechanism: Mudaraba: It is a from partnership where one party provides the funds while the other provides the expertise, labor and necessary business activities. The first party is called the Sahib-al Mall and the letter referred to at the Mudarib. Any profits accrued are shared between the two parties on a pre- agreed basis, while capital loss in exclusively born by the partner providing the capital.Important features: i. Bank supplies capital as Sahib-Al-Mall and the client invest if in the business with his experience. ii. Administration and management is maintained by the client, iii. Profit is divided as per agreement. iv. Bank bears the actual loss alone, v. Client can not take anot her investment for that specific business without the permission of the Bank. Musharakah: The term â€Å"Shirkat† and Musharaka† have been derived from Arabic words â€Å"Shairkah† and â€Å"Sharika† The word shirkah means a partnership between more than one partner.Thus the word â€Å"Musharaka† and â€Å"Shirkat† means a partnership established between two or more partners for purpose of a commercial venture participated both in the capital and management where the profit may be shared between the partners as per agreed upon ratio and the loss. If any incurred, is to be borne by the partners at per capital/equity ratio. In this case of Investment, â€Å"Musharaka† meaning a partnership between the Bank and the Client for a particular business in which both the Bank and the Client provide capital at an agreed upon ratio and manage the business jointly.Share the rent as per agreed upon ratio and bear the loss, if any in proportion to t heir respective equity. Bank may move itself with the selected Client for conducting any Shariah permissible business under Musharaka mode. Important features: †¢ Bank and client both supply capital Unequally/equally †¢ Profit is divided as per agreement and actual loss is divided as per equity. †¢ Client will maintain all accounts properly bank or its agent may verify or audit it. †¢ Banks can advice the client in such a business in respect of the business. Investment client will normally run and manage the business. †¢ The Bank shall take part in the policy and decision making as well as overseeing (supervision and monitoring) the operations of the business of the Client. The Bank may appoint suitable personal(s) to run the manage the business and to maintain books of accounts of the business property. †¢ As the investment client shall manage the enterprise, the Bank may pay more share of profit to him than that of his proportionate capital contributi on. Loss, if any, shall be shared on the basis of capital ratio. C.Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk: Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk is a Special type of contract that has been developed through practice. Actually, it is a synthesis of three contacts: i. Shirkat ii. Ijarah and iii. Sale These may be defined as follows: i) Shirkatul Melk: Shirkat means partnership. Shirkatul Melk means share in ownership. When two or more persons supply equity, purchase an asset, own the same jointly, and share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion to their respective equity, the contract is calledShirkatul Melk contract. ii) Ijarah:The term Ijarah has been derived from the Arabic words (Air) and (Ujrat) which means consideration, return, wages or rent. This is really the exchange value or consideration, return, wages, rent of service f an asset. Ijarah has been defined as a contract between two parties, the Hiree and Hirer where the Hirer enjoys or reaps a specific servic e or benefit against a specified consideration or rent from the asset owned by the Hiree. It is a hire agreement under which the Hiree to a Hirer against fixed rent or rentals hires out a certain asset for a specified period. iii) Sale:This is a sale contract between a buyer and a seller under which the ownership of certain goods or asset is transferred by seller to the buyer against agreed upon price paid / to be paid by the buyer. Thus, in Hire purchase under Shirkatul Melk mode both the Bank and the Client supply equity in equal or unequal proportion for purchase of an asset like land, building, and machinery, transport etc. Purchase the asset with that quit money, own the same jointly, share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion their respective equity.The share, part of portion of the asset owned by the bank is hired out to the client partner for a fixed rent per unit of time for a fixed period. Lastly the bank sells and transfers the ownership of its sha re/part/portion to the client against payment of price fixed for the either gradually part by part or in lump sum within the hire period or after expire of the hire agreement. 3. 5 Mode wise investment: 3. 5. 1 Mode wise investment performance: The mode wise investment performance of IBBL overall and the selected area is outlined below: (Fig. are in million) Modes |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Bai-Murabaha |23522. 92 |31138. 88 |41731. 48 |51822. 28 |59465. 08 |73833 | |HPSM |14131. 48 |18065. 10 |23344. 46 |30046. 89 |39399. 18 |50201 | | Bai-Muajjal |4965. 76 |5512. 13 |5735. 29 |5917. 18 |6921. 37 |6546 | |Purchase and Nego. 1865. 26 |1801. 33 |2416. 64 |3179. 81 |4846. 62 |11040 | |Quard-E-Hasana |1298. 19 |1765. 65 |1694. 32 |1966. 13 |1974. 20 |1955 | |Bai-Salam |407. 08 |610. 27 |807. 14 |641. 44 |905. 61 |1153 | |Mudaraba |52. 00 |103. 00 |102. 00 |50. 00 |50. 00 |50 | |Musharaka |37. 2 |12. 13 |27. 13 |20. 42 |12. 95 |143 | |Total |46279. 71 |59008. 49 |75858. 46 | 94644. 15 |113575. 01 |144921 | 3. 5. 2 Percentage of the mode wise investment for the years: (In Tk %) |Modes |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |Mean | |Bai-Murabaha |50. 83 |52. 77 |55. 01 |55. 34 |52. 5 |50. 95 |52. 875 | |HPSM |30. 53 |30. 62 |30. 78 |32. 09 |34. 69 |34. 64 |32. 225 | |Bai-Muajjal |10. 73 |9. 34 |7. 56 |6. 32 |6. 09 |4. 52 |7. 4267 | |Purchase & Nego. |4. 03 |3. 05 |3. 19 |3. 40 |4. 27 |7. 62 |4. 26 | |Quard-E-Hasana |2. 81 |2. 99 |2. 23 |2. 10 |1. 74 |1. 5 |2. 2033 | |Bai-Salam |. 88 |1. 04 |1. 06 |0. 68 |0. 80 |0. 79 |0. 875 | |Mudaraba |. 11 |. 17 |. 13 |0. 05 |0. 04 |0. 03 |0. 0883 | |Musharaka |. 08 |. 02 |. 04 |0. 02 |0. 01 |. 10 |0. 045 | 3. 5. 3 Division wise investment of IBBL for the years: (Amount in Tk) Division |2009 |2010 | |Dhaka |72637666426 |91473695824 | |Chittagong |19020120156 |25609818224 | |Khulna |8336566722 |12605186181 | |Rajshahi |10129510794 |11572609603 | |Barishal |990277259 |1077373472 | |Sylhet |2460929772 |2581926291 | |Total | 113575071129 |144920609595 | 3. 5. 4 Mode wise investment performance of Mirpur Branch: (In Lac Tk) Modes |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 (up to july 31 ) | |Bai-Murabaha |2551 |3432 |4521 |5072 |4815 | |HPSM |4821 |5906 |6627 |6531 |6155 | |Bai-Muajjal |243 |720 |857 |807 |797 | |QTDR |259 |139 |197 |211 |303 | |Musharaka |46 |00 |7 |7 |00 | |Baisalam |00 |78 |136 |133 |100 | |Others |94 |175 |337 |483 |499 | |Total |8014 |10450 |12682 |13244 |12669 | 3. 5. 5 Percentage of the mode wise investment of mirpur branch for the years: (In Tk %) |Modes |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(up to july 31 )|Mean | |Bai-Murabaha |31. 83 |32. 84 |35. 65 |38. 30 |38. 00 |38. 54 | |HPSM |60. 16 |56. 52 |52. 26 |49. 31 |48. 58 |58. 22 | |Bai-Muajjal |3. 3 |6. 89 |6. 76 |6. 09 |6. 29 |6. 34 | |QTDR |3. 23 |1. 33 |1. 55 |1. 59 |2. 39 |2. 20 | |Musharaka |0. 57 |0. 00 |0. 06 |0. 05 |0. 00 |0. 15 | |Baisalam |0. 00 |0. 75 |1. 07 |1. 00 |0. 79 |0. 79 | |Others |1. 17 |1. 67 |2. 66 |3. 65 |3. 94 |2. 86 | 3. 5. Sector-wise investment performance of IBBL: (Amount in million Tk) |Year |Comm’l |Industrial |Agriculture |Real State |Transport |other |Total | |2005 |17534. 07 |19692. 68 |2350 |3581. 72 |1851. 32 |1270. 30 |46280. 61 | |2006 |20467. 76 |24480. 21 |2235. 29 |5204. 18 |2475. 11 |4144. 94 |59007. 49 | |2007 |26877. 02 |35593. 03 |3537. 17 |5785. 11 |2472. 46 |1593. 77 |75858. 56 | |2008 |29284. 21 |46063. 51 |6445. 67 |6813. 0 |2975. 12 |2061. 94 |93644. 15 | |2009 |28983. 80 |62642. 10 |5890 |8357. 80 |2722. 40 |4978. 97 |113575. 07 | |2010 |43877 |78788 |6485 |8588 |2656 |4527 |144921 | 3. 5. 7 Sector-wise investment performance of Pallabi Branch: Amount in Lac TK |Year |Comm’l |Industrial |Agriculture |Real State |Transport |Other | |2007 |2667 |1002 |000 |3404 398 |543 | |2008 |3520 |1790 |000 |4189 |393 |567 | |2009 |5385 |2582 |000 |3570 |376 |769 | |2010 |5132 |2591 |000 |4324 |401 |796 | |2008(up to july |4867 |2362 |000 |4196 |337 |907 | |31) | | | | | | | |Mean |4706. 4 |2253. 14 |0. 00 |4294. 47 |415. 64 |781. 53 | 3. 6 Sector wise Analysis: i) Analysis of investment under Commercial Sector:Graphical representation of investment under Commercial Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Mirpur |2667 |3520 |5385 |5132 |4867 |4269. 6 | From table and above graph we find that, the average investment in commercial sector is satisfactory. In 2006, 2007 total investment under commercial sector was too much favorable. It is so much good for the company. So overall the commercial investment of the bank is satisfactory. ii) Analysis of investment under Real Estate Sector:Graphical representation of investment under Real Estate Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Mirpur |3404 |4189 |3570 |4324 |4196 |4294. 47 | / From table and above graph we find that, the average investment under Real Estate Sector is Satisfactory.. It is so much good for the bank. So overall the Real Estate in vestment of the bank is satisfactory. iii) Analysis of investment under Transport Sector: Investment under Transport Sector is as follows: Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |398 |393 |376 |401 |337 |415. 64 | From table we find that, the average investment in transport sector is not satisfactory. It has declined in recent years. Where the attention is necessary by the bank. iv) Analysis of investment under Industrial Sector: Investment under the Sector is as follows: Industrial |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |1002 |1790 |2582 |2591 |2362 |2253. 16 |From table we find that, the average investment in agricultural sector is increasing. In recent years the investment situation under this sector is satisfactory. v) Analysis of investment under Others Sector: Investment under Others Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |543 |567 |769 |796 |907 |781. 53 | From table we find that, the average investment in o thers sector is the most satisfactory. The trend was then going to the upward since 2007. vi) Growth rate of total investment of Islami Bank Pallabi Branch: (Amount in â€Å"000†TK ) Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(Upto July 31) | |Pallabi |851900 |1149725 |1431864 |1532342 |1461006 | Growth rate of Total credit shows the positive or negative tendency of people to collect their fund from the respective institutions. The higher the growth rate of total credits the best for the organization and its profitability. From the table mentioned above it is found that, the highest growth rate of total credit shows in 2008. It is so good for the organization. vii) Profit and Investment of several year of Pallabi Branch: Year |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(upto july) | |Total Investment |851900 |1149725 |1431864 |1532342 |1461006 | |Investment Income |68058 |89288 |139411 |156624 |89834 | |Profit on IBG A/C |62187 |74987 |124616 |161790 |88554 | |Net Invst Income |130245 |164275 |264 027 |318414 |178388 | viii) Profit and Investment Ratio: Total Profit received on Investment Profit and investment ratio = ————————————* 100Total amount of investment Figures in 000 Tk |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |15. 29 |14. 29 |18. 44 |20. 78 |9. 99 |17. 19 | Here in the above two graph we see that the profit and investment ratio of the IBBL is in average position. ix) Distribution of Investment by Sectors (Public & Private): (M= Million Taka) |Year |IF |Public Sector |Private Sector |Total | | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | |2008 |71912 |5 |3596 |95 |68317 |71912 | |2009 |86295 |5 |4315 |95 |81980 |86295 | |2010 |103554 |5 |5178 |95 |98376 |103554 | That investment distribution in private and public sector both are more effective for any country. But the Islami bank distributes the maximum investment in private sector because it earned comparatively more profit from private sector. x) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural & Urban): (Amount in Taka) Year |Rural |Urban |Total | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | | |2009 |8. 68 |9862235033 |91. 32 |103712836096 |113575071129 | |2010 |7. 86 |11386885036 |92. 14 |133533724559 |144920609595 | From the above table it is found that Islami bank invested the maximum money in urban area. Because maximum entrepreneur and business man stay in urban place. However maximum organization established in urban area. i) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural & Urban) of Pallabi Branch: Total investment of Pallabi branch is in Urban areas. There is no rural investment. xii) Distribution of Investments by sector(private & public) of Pallabi Branch: Total investment of Pallabi branch is in private sector there is no public sector investment. xiii) Distribution of country wise Investments of IBBL: |Year |Within Bangladesh |Foreign country |Total | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | | |2009 |100 |113575071129 |0. 0 |0000 |11357507112 9 | |2010 |100 |144920609595 |0. 00 |0000 |144920609595 | 3. 7 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. SPECIAL INVESTMENT SCHEMES OF IBBL: CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis †¢ Strength †¢ Weakness †¢ Opportunities †¢ Threats 4. 1. 2. 1. CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis 4. 1 SWOT Analysis of IBBL: SWOT Analysis is used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in a business. It is a methodology used to aid strategic planning that gained popularity during the 80’s. It involves specifying the objective of the business or project and identifying the internal and external factors. 4. 2 Strength:After analyzing the present market condition, IBBL got the following strengths, which will be favorable to us to launch our business. Honest and reliable employees: All of the employees of IBBL are honest and reliable. They are always devoted themselves to the works for better services. Better Quality of Services: The IBBL will run profitable business by pro viding first-rate banking services in a caring, upscale, professional environment. More funds for investment: For adequate financial ability they can provide loan to more investment clients. Appropriate Organizational Structure: IBBL has the appropriate organizational structure. Organizational structure will be developed by the local and foreign expertise. 4. 3 Weakness:The weaknesses of IBBL are as follows. Inaduquate Human Resource: IBBL does not have an adequate human resource management so that it has to encounter about their employees as well as recruitment. It does not develop HR department yet. So that it cannot properly train up to its employee and motivate its employees to give them reward. The ignorance of time value of money: According to Islami Shari’ah the interest should be prohibited. In another word Islami economy does not take the time value of money into consideration. So IBBL does not consider time value of money though our country does not follow Islami ec onomy. Slow velocity of investment:The velocity of investment of IBBL is very slow compared to other banks. It takes in excess of time while investing in a project. 4. 4 Opportunities: Looking at current marketing environment, the following opportunities of IBBL are being visible. More Market Share: As Islami banking is a growing type of business in Bangladesh, IBBL has a great opportunity to capture a large amount of market share. Many Islami banks are turning their faces towards conventional banking to capture market share, but IBBL will not compromise with its quality. It will maintain strictly Islami Shari’ah and will provide the best service to its clients to capture market share. More Market Growth:IBBL has the better HR than any other banks in Bangladesh. Their strategy making and implementing will ensuring to achieve a large amount of market growth. 4. 5 Threats: The following factors may occur as unfavorable phenomena for IBBL. Threat of New Entrants: New entrants to an industry impose several threats to existing competitors. New competitors can reduce the market share of all participants by dividing the â€Å"pie† into more pieces. They also may bring new technology or greater resources not available to present competitors and achieve a high market share position quickly to the detriment of all existing participants. So if any new entrants will be big threat for IBBL. Preference Diversity:Client’s preferences can be the most acute threat to any company. It can change any times. If the consumers think that they should prefer any other services rather that for the ultimate comfort, it could be the worst danger to IBBL. Political Unrest: Now-a-days political unrest becomes common phenomenon in a nation as well as the whole world. World is place of intense political unrest. So, political unrest can be harmful for IBBL. Financial Risk: Financial risk is the part of every business. Banks can increase the interest rate; insurance compan y can demand more premium or competitor can offer services in lower price. Economic Change: Changes in economic circumstances can be harmful for the IBBL.Personal income, savings, employment, and price level trends can have dramatic effects on the attractiveness of a firm's products or services in output markets not only final markets, but intermediate markets as well. CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS †¢ Analysis of finding problem †¢ Recommendations †¢ Conclusion †¢ Bibliography CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 Analysis of finding problem: I have identified some problems and limitations in Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited while working in Mirpur-10 branch. For these problems IBBL cannot provide best services to its customers as well as customers are not getting ultimate service from IBBL. These problems are given follows: ) Major Investment of IBBL is on commercial and Industrial sectors. ii) Minimum amount of investment is on agricultural sector. iii) IBBL always invest welfare oriented sectors. iv) Large portion of investment is invested by mode of Baimorabaha that is 53. 26%. v) Maximum amount of investment is in Dhaka division. vi) Total investment of IBBL is increasing gradually. vii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible without the Interest based banking system. viii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible for the Interest based banking system. ix) IBBL cannot syndicate the other conventional banks. ) Lack of proper supervision. xi) Lack of stable economic condition. xii) Lack of skilled manpower. xiii) Inadequate legal framework. xiv) Unfavorable business environment. xv) Lack of opportunities for profitable investment. xvi) Political unrest. xvii) Customer service is not so much well. xviii) There is no sufficient and high bandwidth Internet connection available in the bank. So, bank cannot ensure better service for all Customers outward city. xix) Some few desks use obstacle instruments and take a huge time to accomplish a particular task. xx) It lacks workforce in general banking section. Employees are not that much motivated to work due to excessive workloads. xi) People still confuse IBBL’s products to conventional banks. For example, people frequently call Mudaraba Special Savings (Pension) Scheme or MSS as DPS like conventional banks. xxii) In a beginning and ending day of the week, the flow of customer is so high so at time handling of the customer is so difficult and that show the lack of professional image. xxiii) The decoration system of the bank is not a planned way and the floor, furniture, other materials are not cleaned in a right way and every time so the working condition is not comfortable. xxiv) Sunday and Thursday is very gathering in account opening, cheque issue, cheque received and pay order. xv) Some purpose they provide cash loan to the clients, for example Hire Purchase under Shirkatu l Melk Real Estate 5. 2 Recommendations: Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has achieved outstanding success during last twenty six years, but competition is being increased simultaneously. Lots of banks are being opened and many banks are opening Islami banking division. To survive as number one position IBBL has to do lots of things. Some of these are suggested below: 1. IBBL should increase investment in agricultural sector because Bangladesh is an agricultural country. 2. IBBL should increase their investment in public sector because their maximum investment is in private sector. 3.Bangladesh is rural base country, So IBBL should increase their investment in rural area. 4. Operational cost should be minimized. 5. IBBL should try to improve the deposit investment ratio for higher productivity. 6. To decentralize the decision-making authority of the bank. 7. Modern method should be introduced for increasing management information system and accounting information system. 8. IBBL is al lowed to determine the rate of profit on deposits and advance. 9. The productivity of the bank may be raised by better funds management and portfolio management improving recycling of funds and developing other income from the business activities of the bank. 10. Purpose oriented training program. 11.Encouraging development of positive and cooperative relationship between management and trade union. 12. Better industrial relationships participatory decision-making etc, is needed to improve the high productivity for the bank. 13. They should improve their customer service. 14. The branch should introduce fully computerized system as soon as possible to reduce time, labor and cost. 15. A large office space should immediately be allocated for this branch. 16. To operate General Banking operations smoothly, some people should immediately be appointed. 17. A prime location should be selected and interior designer should be hired in decorating office. 18. Number of office assistants shoul d be increased. 19.Employees should be smooth behave with customer basically in account opening and convince them. Some other suggestions may be in brief: ? Awareness programs can be arranged for the clients to have a clear view of IBBL products. ? Authorized employees should be monitored to be available at their located divisions ? Branches need to be 100% automated ? Online service should be every where ? Client selection should be cautious ? Overdue should be regularly monitored and minimized ? The information should be available about the investment products and their costs of fund ? Bank documents should be easy and clear to the clients 5. 3 Conclusion: Once upon a time, most of the people didn’t understand interest-free banking system.They never thought that it is possible to provide banking facilities without interest but in passage of time, now it is clear that in Islam there as a banking procedure though profit / less sharing basis. In course of time problems have re duced but not delaminated. This bank is trying to operate their activities according to Islami Shariah. If the Govt. becomes conscious to solve these problems and the banker become cordial and cooperative, the problems may be reduced to a greater extent The Gradual and successful globalization of Islami Banking coupled with growing awareness of the people about its financial and social benefits makes it clear that the next century is going to be the century of Islami Banking. It would be very difficult for them to survive as a number one position, if their service qualities remain constant.Big clients are switching to other bank for this reason bank is losing huge market share. They should pay more attention to big clients. It is also true that maintain Shari’ah and pay special attention to particular person is very difficult. Innovative product should be launched by Islami bank Bangladesh limited such as credit card, investment in education sector to cope with present situat ion. This project will help IBBL to get advantage over others. Special training should be given to employees to develop their behavior. 5. 4 Bibliography: ———————– CHAIRMAN VICE CHAIRMAN DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT DEPUTY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENTSENIOR VICE PRESIDENTS VICE PRESIDENTS ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT Second Officer (Senior Principal Officer) Investment Department (Principal Officer) Foreign Exchange (Principal Officer) General Department (Principal Officer) Senior Officer Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Officer Senior Officer Officer Officer Probationary Officer Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Manager a) Bai-Murabaha b) Bai-Muajjal c) Bai-Salam d) Istishna’a a) Mudaraba b) Musharaka a) Hire Purchase b) Hire Purchase Under shirkatul Melk Bai- Me chanism Share Mechanism Ijara Mechanism

Brave New World Essay

Rhetorical Mode and Purpose It is better that one should suffer than that many should be corrupted.? Existing under a socially oppressive government, Bernard Marx constantly endures mental distress as a consequence of his unorthodox views. In Brave New World by Adolf Huxley, the primary protagonist struggles to voice his bitterness and disgruntled opinions, but the repressive World State tyrannize the society, and he ultimately loses his fight in becoming exiled. Narrated in the third person, Huxley details a technocratic government where signs of emotions are rendered treacherous and extreme consumerism forms the core of society. However, even more revolting is the unconscionable replication of nature through mass cloning, affirming the loss of everything fundamentally human. Through Brave New World, Huxley warned past governments who sought to increase effectiveness and stability, and continues to admonish the modern world, against increasing government intervention. Through narration, Huxley provides a panor amic scope of the horrific details and events residing under the command of a domineering government that asserts its omnipresence in all aspects of life. PASSAGE 1 (114-116) I chose this passage for both analytical purposes and interest value. Its surfeit in syntax variations stood out as a highly appealing passage to be analyzed, and the language effectively aroused suspense out of me. As the world of the savages unravels before Lenina?s eyes, her disgust heightens with each event that takes place, furthering repelling her from the culture. The underlying tone of hypnotic anticipation leads the audience through a series of events that build towards the climatical action of the passage. Through rhythmic syntax that propels the scene forward, dissonant diction and savage details, Huxley provides a lurid atmosphere as the lead-in to the horrifying act of sacrifice. Immediately, cacophonous diction begin to agitate the auditory senses. ?Harsh metallic? male voices answering the ?shrill? cries of the women initiates a perturbed mood and foreshadows deplorable events. As the audience?s sense of hearing wears away, ?a ghastly troop of monsters hideously masked or painted out of all semblance of humanity? enters to disconcert the visual senses. Nothing more than monsters completely devoid of human aspects. Monsters capable of executing actions that would appall Lenina?s society. Anticipation builds as the shrieks become ?louder and louder?; their dances, ?round and round? – and ?round and round? again. Their actions echo in successions of hypnotic movements that lull the reader into a trancelike state. ?More and more,? the leader flings black snakes ?brown and mottled.? The periodic sentence emphasis this final action as a symbol of savagery and remnant of a primitive culture that ultimately disgusts Lenina. Dull diction such as ?brown and mottled? assembles a drab layer of atmosphere that looms over the tribal ritual. Adverbs and conjunctions advance toward additional events that further feed anticipation. ?And then the dance began?Then the leader gave a signal?Then the old man lifted his hand.? Syntax and diction continue to build suspense as it mounts toward a most horrific action event. Semicolons and commas function as the dominant driving force behind the passage. Instead of inserting common periods, Huxley surrogates punctuations as a link between closely related details that incrementally build towards the summit. Without paragraph breaks to detract from the anticipation, the events flow in a continuous stream while sentence lengths and punctuations determine the rhythm and pacing. The compound-complex sentences are brought to a sudden halt with the ceasing of the drums. ?The drums stopped beating, life seemed to have come to an end.? The device that signaled life halts suddenly and a series of medium length sentences supercedes the long ones. Just as the storm the eye of the hurricane provides temporary respite, the momentary arrest of the beating only creates further anticipation, leaving the reader waiting for the other half of the hurricane. Rather than satiating expectations, syntax lurches the rhythm suddenly to induce greater anticipation and thirst so th at when it resumes, the resulting effect will be of greater impact. The scene shifts from the panoramic view to focus on the interaction between two specific characters, the old man and the boy. Analogous syntax structure directs attention to the progression of actions. ?The old man clapped his hands?The old man made the sign?The boy moved on Succinct details are unaccompanied by imagery or flowery language that would detract from the crucial suspense-arousing events. ?The coyote-man raised his whip; there was a long moment of expectancy, then a swift movement, the whistle of the last and its loud flat-sounding impact on the flesh.? The actions of the savages tapestry the shroud of luridity that continue to repel Lenina while the clause between the semicolon and comma mirror the silence before the strike of the whip. At last, the ?whistle? signifies the anticipated action that syntax, details and diction have all along foreshadowed. ?Twice, thrice, four times round he went?.Five times round, six times round? Seven times round.? Lone words that constitute sentences and telegraphic phrases cut by commas reflect the sound of the lashes. Enumeration of each lash as if a scene from a movie being played in slow motion, grants equivalent emphasize of the pain from each blow. ?A few drops fell, and suddenly the drums broke out again into a panic of hurrying notes; there was a great shout.? The anticipation is finally satiated confirmed by the abrupt burst of drums. PASSAGE 2 (142 – 144) The details and diction in this passage was striking in conveying John?s fascination with Lenina. It immediately evoked in my mind a scene from Sleeping Beauty where the Prince stumbles upon the bewitched Princess. Lenina?s introduction to John at this point of the novel likens to a scientific experiment where a new and exotic life form is presented in a previously pedestrian environment. John, engrossed with every aspect about Lenina, adopts a humble position and invests her with rapt wonderment. Upon finding her possessions, he takes immediate fascination to his discovery and indulges himself in her relics. John?s actions reflect that of a worshipper. Thus, Huxley employs a tone of reverent infatuation to manifest John?s idolization of Lenina. Dominated by alluring details, the passage aims to manifest John?s unqualified adoration for Lenina. Without delay, olfactory appeal works to captivate John by providing a sense of familiarity, an indication of Lenina?s presence. In ?breathing Lenina?s perfume? and discovering ?a cloud of scented powder?, he conveys his fanatic infatuation, and then continues to ?fill his lungs with her essential being.? A meager waft proves inadequate to satiate John?s desires. Instead, he relishes in bliss, the effusive outpouring of her presence, breathes in her scents like a drug, and allows it to pervade all of his internal organs. In addition, he imagines the ?touch of [her] smooth skin against his face, while other tactile details confirm his nostalgic longing for her. As if in the presence of a goddess, he executes his actions with the most scrupulous care. Bending over the precious box, he touched, he lifted into the light, he examined. Polysyndetons and parallel structures emphasizes each action as distinct entities with equivalent importance. Commas retard the process so as to display not cursory haste, but fastidious devotion   not coarseness, but refinement – and not brashness, but the delicacy of a worshipper in tending to a higher life form. Abstract diction continue to manifest John?s obsessive attachment to Lenina. Huxley attributes her possessions with desirous diction, labeling her perfume as delicious, her box as precious, her puzzle, a delight. John becomes entranced by her divine possessions, and muses over Lenina reverently. Delving further into the passage, comparative details attributed to Lenina and syntax portraying John as a stalker reveal the extent of his infatuation. Metaphors ascribe enigmatic aspects to Lenina, which intrigues John and plunges him into enchantment. Infatuated, he derives pleasure from unriddling her bewitched apparels. A simple pair of velveteen shorts likens at ?first a [to a] puzzle, then solved, a delight.? Lenina, furnisher of magically exotic appeal, jolts excitement into his previously mundane life of savagery. Huxley portrays her through John?s eyes as analogous to a mystery to be demystified, lock to be unlocked, cipher to be deciphered ? all of which fascinates John and builds on his infatuation. However, his conspicuous adoration becomes suppressed into a concealed form when agitation forms over the possibility of being discovered. Covert syntax and  diction depict John as an infatuated stalker. ?He heard something ? something like a sigh, something like the creak of a board.? Huxley purposefully employs ambiguous diction such as ?something? as opposed to concrete observable details. Disclosing her hiding position, Lenina?s appearance gradually comes into scope. John replies with stealthy obsession and strategically planned actions, reflected by extra inserts of commas that mirror his wary movement. ?He tiptoed to the door and, cautiously opening it, found himself looking on to a broad landing.? With enchanting metaphors and furtive syntax, literary devices continue to manifest John?s infatuation. Upon reaching the climatical action of John finally disclosing Lenina?s position, the tone ultimately assumes one of consummate reverence. Descriptive details of Lenina fast asleep enhances her chaste qualities. ?So beautiful in the midst of her curls, so touchingly childish with her pink toes?so trustful in the helplessness of her limp hands and melted limbs, that the tears came to his eyes.? Excessive use of the adverb ?so? heightens the degree of her qualities, implying an empyrean life-form inspiring awe. The child-like characteristics solicits sacred protection from John. Huxley?s delineation of her as ?limp? and ?melted? with a ?grave? sleeping face suggests death and ascendance into heaven. John, captivated, reveres her as one would of a goddess. Complex-compound sentences embroiders her purity and innocence while allusions to Shakespeare?s Romeo and Juliet continues to attribute divinity. ?On the white wonder of dead Juliet?s hand, may size/ And steal immortal blessing from her lips.? Comparison to Juliet further implies the notion of her resemblance to a goddess possessing immortality and an ethereal aura. In a humble manner, John ?very slowly, with the hesitating gesture? reach out to affirm the heavenly presence. However, his hands ?hung trembling? as he ruminates on the sacrilegious. Dare he ?profane? with his ?unworthiest? hand? Awe-inspiring details and sacredly connotated diction avouch the tone of infatuated reverence. PASSAGE 3 (232 – 233) The tone of this passage was not presented by the narration or characters in the novel, but rather created by a passage from a book being read by one of  the characters. I thought it was interesting to analyze a tone inside a passage of a passage. The abstract and metaphysical level of Brave New World reaches its apex when Mustapha Mond proceeds to read a passage from Maine de Biran?s book that justifies man?s eventual submission to God. While Biran holds the creed that individuals ultimately lose control of their lives and inevitably capitulate to the overwhelming siren call of God, Mond challenges that with the World State, one never experiences loss and thus will never seek counsel of religion. Huxley employs a tone of forensic instructiveness to allow both sides to present their cases effectively. Persuasive syntax utilized in Biran?s excerpt efficaciously compels the audience to assume his position. Immediately, the passage adopts the structure of a formal argument with Biran?s proposal of his thesis. ?We are not our own any more than what we possess is our own. We did not make ourselves, we cannot be supreme over ourselves. We are not our own masters. We are God?s property.? Simultaneous use of the pronoun ?we?, and three consecutive negatives carves away at the monolith of individual confidence. The anaphora build logical progression toward the thesis, whose brevity and sole affirmative adverb grants emphasis on unity with god. Also, rhetoric use of first person point of view lends itself to the notion that this pertains to all. Biran?s argument develops into a tone of instructiveness so as to provide support, illustrated by the transition, ?take this for example.? Repetitions in diction function to acknowledge the opposition. to have to think of nothing out of sight, to be without the irksomeness of continual acknowledgements, continual prayer, continual reference.? Syntactical analysis of Biran?s introduction reveal a tone of forensic instructiveness. Upon setting up the premise, Biran now proceeds to counter the opposition by providing rational support. The extensive length and complexity of the sentences that follow, broken down logically by semicolons and commas, carries the reader through a step by step process of rationally reaching a valid deduction. Diction, as well as syntax, justify man?s ultimate  submission to religion. With transitions such as ?feeling thus? and ?from which,? the progression towards the conclusions likens to a mathematical proof abundant with derivations. Anaphoric use of ?as the? and ?less? exhibits an inverse relationship between aging and the sentiments that prevented dependence on religion. Thus, with aging, ?God emerges as from behind a cloud? of with omnipotence, indicated by a series of fate-associated diction. ?Naturally,? one turns to God when he loses control of his world, and will ?inevitably? submit under his ?absolute? and ?everlasting? power. With spiritual and abstract diction, Biran?s concepts appeal spiritually and offer cleansing. ?So pure; so delightful to the soul.? The elongated sentence ultimately reaches its objective, its emphasis granted by a single dash. ? ? a reality, an absolute and everlasting truth.? Enhanced by mathematical instructiveness and persuasive diction, Biran effectively presents his case. After introducing Biran?s position, Mond assumes the tone of forensic instructiveness. He promptly proposes a qualified argument: ?You can only be independent of God while you?ve got youth and prosperity.? Mond builds his case upon the assertion that so long as one attains youthful desires and lives without the fear of death from old age, religion holds no significance in their life. Transitions prove to be the driving force of Mond?s counter-argument. ?Well, we?ve now got youth, what follows? Evidently, that we can be independent of God.? His argument, comparable to Biran?s, progresses logically and employs first person pronouns as well. ?And why should we go hunting for a substitute for youthful desires when desires never fail He summarizes his position with comparative rhetorical questions that juxtaposes both sides of the argument. The inquires detract rationale from Biran?s assertions while promoting his alternate solutions. Through forensic instructiveness, Mond?s counter-argum ent proves to be efficacious as well.

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

2 - Essay Example The government needs to take a number of drastic steps in the coming years in order to reduce our dependence on hydrocarbons, plus change the culture of America to make it generally more green. Only then will we turn back the clock on our environmental problems. So what is to be done about this serious problem? We need governments around the world to develop policies that when implemented will slow down or stop climate change. The best policy for all of this comes in two complementary forms. The first requires us to reduce our dependence on oil. The second involves a cap and trade system to reduce emissions from harming our atmosphere. I will begin by explaining the first aspect of this policy. Americans consume huge quantities of gasoline and oil every year. They drive big cars and they consume many products that are made with petroleum products. In normal times none of this would be a problem. But with so much evidence suggesting that carbon dioxide from the burning of carbon fuels is causing the temperature of the globe to rise dramatically, something must be done. Already we can see this policy moving forward. Car companies are producing more and more fuel-efficient vehicles and many say an electric car is right around the corner. Another positive aspect is that with the Great Recession in the last few years, one of America’s largest car companies, General Motors, was largely taken over by the government. Hopefully that will mean that they will have more say in what kind of products the company makes and that they will push green technology. The government plainly needs to invest much more in this kind of thing if it hopes to stave off of the worst of climate change. It is very nice to hear that although electric cars are not yet available, many international car companies are heavily promoting what they call green cars. If these promises can be realized and American consumers

Third Party Logistics (3PL) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Third Party Logistics (3PL) - Research Paper Example It refers to outsourcing the service from another organization. The service is rendered on their behalf this has been effective in a way that all the company saves on cost. They are all provided under the supply chain management and they defer in services provided. The practice has been adapted by many organizations and business with the aim of saving on cost. Introduction Determining how outsourcing logistic service is more effective in the supply chain is the main aim of the study. How it’s created the issue of completion and effectiveness (Wisner, 2011). The process of evaluating the best in logistic service provider will be studied and evaluated. Procedures and criteria of the selection process will be laid and stated upon. A study was carried with the aim of providing a process and suggesting on the method of selecting the best in the industry. Evaluation was done on firms that have engaged on the practice. Methods used in the study and ways forward will be discussed. The study will try and discuss the merits and demerits of the company under research (Blanchard, 2010). The third party logistic will also be put in under scrutiny on how it operates and eventually propose a way forward. Best channels will be laid on how to conduct third party logistic economically laid. Determination of key players in the logistic industry will be laid down and their role in ensuring smooth service delivery studied as well (Gibson & Novack, 2008).Different roles of the logistic in service delivery will be investigated. The process of selection and how effective it is will be discussed. Abbreviation 3LP refer to the study refer to third party logistic. Literature review The concept of third party logistic is a new trend supply chain management and has been adapted by the many in the business sector. They include the activities of the warehouse which include packaging, value addition and storage. Transport and handling of goods is also a function of logistic. It expands beyond this and lay emphasis on it being a management function. It entails many phases which are determined by the policies laid upon by the given firm (Shah, 2009). They usually include logistic as a specialization, it being a coordinated function, it being a process and as a function in supply management. Of which they are interested in material flow and distinctly. The new trend in logistic is the third party logistic which entails outsourcing. it entails seeking for the services of a different organization to aid in the functions of supply chain management. This enables the company focus on the external environment which includes the competitors and the other services performed by the outsourced organization. It usually comes with its success and down f all as well, it may either affect the brand loyalty or promote it depending the rights given by the outsourced company in service delivery (Wisner, 2011). Data and methodology In an effect to determine the effectiveness of the t hird

Fireground Activity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fireground Activity - Assignment Example However, the informal discussion does allow for firefighters to share what they saw, what they felt, what happened, and any other observations that need to be added. This is an important aspect as far as data gathering is concerned when one is trying to determine what may have caused a fire, and how it may have burned. The more formal postfire conferences also have advantages and disadvantages. It provides firefighters with the ability to examine all of the evidence and come to a decision. However, it may be difficult to always come to the correct decision within one conference, and this can certainly be a disadvantage. There is also the problem of some individuals jumping to certain conclusions and assumptions before all the facts are in and analyzed. Furthermore, there is no assurance that all participants at the conference will agree. Therefore, both informal and formal discussions dealing with the post fire concepts do have positive and negative aspects.

Report on Diversity day episode Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report on Diversity day episode - Essay Example Employees are inconsiderate of other employee’s feelings. One employee shreds papers rudely inconveniencing another, who is on the phone. He even goes further to cut off a call from a client. Dwight steals a colleague’s client. Such behavior illustrates the absence of office etiquette. Michael Scott as the Scranton Regional Manager should set a good example and the standard for the way people conduct themselves in the workplace. The Diversity Day training is organized by corporate in response to an incident in which Michael made racially offensive statements. Having everyone sign the Diversity commitment paper in order to avoid embarrassment shows preferential treatment in corporate. There should be fair treatment of all members of an organization. At the seminar, he does not provide a good environment for Mr. Brown, the course facilitator to do his job. Michael also discriminates against black people in the office. He lashes out at them for failing to take responsibility for mistakes they make and blames them for expecting praise for doing what is expected of them. He later extends this discrimination to the Mexicans by suggesting that the term represents something that one should feel ashamed. Role acting about minority communities propagates stereotypes. The role of Michael representing Martin Luther Jnr is an insult to the civil rights movement and the black community he represented. The statement that most streets named after the civil rights record the highest number of violence propagates the stereotypes that black people are violent. The show also suggests that Arabs are violent people while upholding the perception that Jews are shylocks. It is worth noting that several laws broken in the show. For example, the slapping of Michael breaks the law against violence at the workplace. His imitation of Indians deliberately singles a member of the minority community subjecting her to emotional pain

Ethnographic Claim Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethnographic Claim Paper - Essay Example By doing this, they display a fluidity as far as identity is concerned and they test the traditional understanding of space. I chose this ethnographic study with regards to Italian culture at the Angelo’s and Vinci’s restaurant. The restaurant is in California and boasts of a total Italian ambience. What made it interesting as a research target was my swish to see how the people, including staff members and customers, performed within their cultural settings. Among the staff members at the restaurant and customers, I sought to study how the use of space in the restaurant becomes a performative site for Italian culture in their everyday lives. This led me to ask how the staff members and customers perform the Italian culture at Angelo’s and Vinci’s. The people at Angelo’s and Vinci’s demonstrate authentic Italian cultural practices using language and food. Theory Review Migration, especially in the contemporary period, challenges the tradition al comprehension of attachment of identity and place. Different observers have called for a re-examination of the uses and meanings of space as a concept during the discourse of identity (Appadurai 300). The process by which migrants create belonging among themselves shows a new conceptualization and organization of space, also referred to as re-territorialiazation of culture, as well as a redefinition of the collective identities that have undergone de- territorialization. Basch et al (28) frame the re- territorialization as a manner in which there is a reconfiguration of space by various practices, which migrants who migrate between different countries carry out. Anderson (83) deals with the discourses of resistance that are employed, by native or indigenous people, to negotiate for fixed notions of place or race. Just like subjective identity is produced form the performance, so also are localities created by the subjects who represent, perceive, and construct them, over time. Fo rtier (42) investigates the manner in which performance of one collective body utilizes terrains of belonging. He contends that belonging may be inclusive of physical places, although they are not limited to them. While they may utilize these physical places and these places do become belongings, they are more historical and cultural belongings that are reconstructed from cultural practices. Via the expansion of the theory by Butler on performativity, renegotiating space and identity can be seen as the way in which both space and bodies are invested to become representative of cultural identity. Therefore, belonging can be seen as a struggle that seeks to reconcile representation of groups in the way they are viewed by the rest comes close to the way that they view themselves (Basch et al 59). The struggle or negotiation concerning representation deals with simultaneous shifts in subjective identity, as well as its belonging. Concern over place could be especially potent in the cont ext of minority and immigrant communities that have little or no development of institutions. Racial stereotyping and racism could act as a hindrance to the ability of